Elasmotherium is the largest species of rhinoceroses that lived from Pliocene till Pleistocene. It reached 6 meters in lengths and 2.5 meters in heights, and weighed up to 5 tons. Its main distinction from other rhinoceroses was a large dome-like protuberance on its forehead, probably with an over 1.5-meter long thick horn. Elasmotheria were widespread on the territory from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia.
Elasmotherium ate grass and roots on river and lake banks, such as highly-nutritious starchy roots of sedge, reed mace and cane. In times of local fodder shortages, the animal could walk long distances through elevated steppe strips from one river system to another or even migrate to the south. It is indicative that the northernmost fossils of Elasmotherium are found in river valleys, and not in steppes, as those of purely herbivorous horses or woolly rhinoceroses. Their root-based diet is also evidenced by their extremely hypsodontic teeth, which ensured protection from abrasives on this type of food, such as sand, dirt, etc. 
As evident from the brain reconstruction, Elasmotherium remained on a quite primitive level of organization. Large olfactory lobes were located in front of small and poorly-developed frontal hemispheres. Other rhinoceroses advanced their brains as early as Miocene and developed quicker orientation and better mobility which are characteristic for modern species. Elasmotherium was inferior to them; woolly rhinoceros and later species of rhinoceros had better reactions, and were smarter, faster and more aggressive.

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Coelodontae are fossilized rhinoceroses which adjusted to life in the dry and cool conditions of open landscapes of Eurasia. They existed from the late Pliocene till the early Holocene and were typical representatives of Pleistocene megafauna. 
Coelodonta was a large, relatively short-legged animal with high withers and elongated skull that carried two horns. Its massive body reached 3.2-4.3 meters in length, and 1.4-2 meters in height. The characteristic feature of these animals was their well-developed woolly coat that protected them from low temperatures and cold winds. The low position of their head and their square lips allowed picking up their main forage – steppe and tundra vegetation.
The increasingly severe continental climate affected the appearance and habits of these animals creating truly northern rhinoceroses able to survive even in the tundra.
Their morphology underwent changes. The position of their head became different – it moved lower to the ground, their skulls elongated even further and narrowed, eye-sockets moved closer towards the occiput, and their teeth evolved to adjust to masticating harsh steppe vegetation. For protection from the intensifying cold, they developed dense woolly coats.
At the end of Pleistocene – beginning of Holocene, Coelodonta largely disappeared. Presumably, it happened mainly due to the climate change which accompanied the end of the last ice age: due to global warming and increased humidity, the area suitable for woolly rhinoceroses dramatically decreased. 

Palorchestes – a genus of marsupial animals that lived in Australia in Miocene and went extinct in Pleistocene, approximately 40 thousand years ago, after the arrival of man to Australia.  
Palorchestes was the size of a horse and reached one meter in height. Its snout ended in a small proboscis for which it was nicknamed ‘marsupial tapir’. In fact, palorchestes was a rather close relative of wombat and koala, with which it is united in one order Diprotodontia, i.e. animals with two incisors.

Palorchestes’ body was massive, with very strong front legs that bore mighty claws. The habits of these herbivores were probably similar to those of tapirs on one hand and of halicotaeria and terrestrial sloths on the other. With its clawed limbs it could get food by bending tree branches and digging out roots, as well as protect itself from predators.

To date, two species of Palorchestes are known: Palorchestes azael and Palorchestes painei.

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Daphoenodon emerged at the beginning of Miocene in North America. Daphoenodon robustum weighed 100-150 kg and combined the features of canine and feline predators. It resembled a giant dog with a flexible elongated cat-like body.  

Brontotheriidae  is a family of extinct prehistoric odd-toed ungulate mammals that lived in Paleogene (from lower Eocene until lower Oligocene) in North America, Asia and Europe. They stood about 2.5 metres tall at the shoulders and fed on relatively soft vegetation (leaves; probably, fruit). Brontotheriidae’s skulls were quite massive; however their brains were small. Their heads with protruding eyes were "crowned” by horns shaped by swollen nose bones; on the outside, these horns were covered in skin. Wide and long horns of some species branched out at their base, while in other species they formed a Y-shaped protuberance.Probably, the habitat of Brontotheriidae was damp and warm, such as lakes surrounded by reeds and water bushes. Scientists consider climate change and consequent change in vegetation the main reason for the extinction of these rhinoceros-like ‘thunder horses”. Another possible reason for their brief existence was the small size of their brains and imperfect teeth.

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